Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is a symptom of coronary heart disease (CHD), the most common type of heart disease. CHD occurs when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of plaque. This process is known as atherosclerosis. When the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood, it can cause angina. Understanding the symptoms of angina is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment, which can prevent serious complications such as heart attacks. This article explores the five major symptoms of angina pectoris caused by coronary heart disease.
5 Symptoms of Angina Pectoris Caused by Coronary Heart Disease
1. Chest Pain or Discomfort
The hallmark symptom of angina pectoris is chest pain or discomfort.
This pain is often described as a sensation of pressure, squeezing, fullness, or tightness in the center of the chest. The pain typically occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress when the heart’s demand for oxygen increases. The pain usually lasts for a few minutes and may subside with rest or the administration of nitroglycerin. It is important to note that the intensity and duration of the pain can vary among individuals.
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Characteristics of Chest Pain in Angina:
Location: The pain is usually located behind the breastbone (sternum) and may radiate to other parts of the body such as the shoulders, arms (commonly the left arm), neck, jaw, or back.
Triggers: Physical activity, emotional stress, heavy meals, or exposure to cold weather can trigger the pain.
Relief: The pain typically diminishes with rest or nitroglycerin, a medication that helps widen the blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart.
2. Shortness of Breath
Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is another common symptom of angina pectoris. It occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s oxygen needs, leading to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary congestion).
This symptom can be particularly distressing and may occur alongside chest pain or independently.
Factors Contributing to Shortness of Breath:
Exertion: Like chest pain, shortness of breath often occurs during physical activity or emotional stress.
Severity: The severity of dyspnea can vary, ranging from mild breathlessness to severe respiratory distress.
Progression: In some cases, shortness of breath may worsen over time, indicating a progression of coronary heart disease or the development of heart failure.
3. Fatigue
Fatigue is a less specific but important symptom of angina pectoris, particularly in women. It is characterized by an overwhelming sense of tiredness or lack of energy that is disproportionate to the level of activity. Fatigue can result from the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s demands, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to the muscles and organs.
Understanding Fatigue in Angina:
Onset: Fatigue may develop gradually or suddenly and can be persistent or episodic.
Impact: It can significantly impact daily activities and reduce the overall quality of life.
Associated Conditions: Fatigue in angina patients may be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.
4. Dizziness or Lightheadedness
Dizziness or lightheadedness can be a symptom of angina pectoris, particularly when the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised.
These symptoms occur due to a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain, leading to feelings of unsteadiness or fainting.
Causes of Dizziness in Angina:
Reduced Blood Flow: Inadequate blood flow to the brain can cause dizziness, especially during physical exertion or sudden changes in posture.
Associated Symptoms: Dizziness may be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations.
Risk of Syncope: In severe cases, reduced blood flow to the brain can lead to syncope (fainting), which requires immediate medical attention.
5. Nausea and Sweating
Nausea and sweating are common symptoms of angina pectoris, particularly during an angina attack. These symptoms are part of the body’s autonomic response to pain and reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
Nausea and Sweating in Angina:
Nausea: Patients may experience a feeling of queasiness or an urge to vomit, which can be triggered by pain or discomfort.
Sweating: Excessive sweating (diaphoresis) is often a response to pain and stress. It can occur suddenly and be profuse, even in the absence of physical exertion or heat.
Combined Symptoms: Nausea and sweating often occur together and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.
Conclusion
Angina pectoris is a critical warning sign of coronary heart disease. Recognizing the major symptoms of angina—chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, and nausea and sweating—is essential for timely diagnosis and management. If you or someone you know experiences these symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Early intervention can help manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent serious complications such as heart attacks. Coronary heart disease is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management, including lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, surgical interventions.